In areas under communist control in 1959, the guerrillas established their own government, levied taxes, trained troops, built defense works, and provided education and medical care. Communist-led uprisings launched in 1959 in the lower Mekong Delta and Central Highlands resulted in the establishment of liberated zones, including an area of nearly fifty villages in Quảng Ngãi Province. Mass demonstrations, punctuated by an occasional raid on an isolated post, were the major activities in the initial stage of this insurgency. Some of the 90,000 Viet Minh troops that had returned to the North following the Geneva Agreements had begun filtering back into the South to take up leadership positions in the insurgency apparat. On April 1959, a branch of the Lao Động ( Worker's Party of Vietnam), of which Ho Chi Minh became Secretary-General in 1956, was formed in the South, and communist underground activity increased. Honolulu conference covert warfare a major issue 3.2 January 1963: Question of ARVN effectiveness.direct support to an ARVN combat operation 2.3.4 Building the South Vietnamese Civil Irregular Defense Groups.2.3.1 Kennedy pushes for covert operations against the North.2.2.3 South Vietnam corruption breeds discontent.2.1.3 Structural barriers to effectiveness of RVN forces.2.1.2 Escalation and response in the South.After several years of chaos, the Ngô Đình Diệm government came to an end in 1963 and South Vietnam then fell into management crisis. Diệm was unable to take control of political crisis and was overthrown by the Council of Revolutionary Military (some documents of both sides suggest that it was the United States which had given the green light for this coup). Despite this assistance, the communist forces still won on the battlefield, fighting several large campaigns next to the big cities. At the same time, the United States helped the South Vietnamese regime conduct its war strategy. The communist forces in South Vietnam established the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (Viet Cong). North Vietnam declared its public support for communist insurgents in South Vietnam. Communications intercepts in 1959, for example, confirmed the start of the Ho Chi Minh trail and other preparation for large-scale fighting. US combat involvement was, at first, greater in Laos, but the activity of advisors, and increasingly US direct support to South Vietnamese soldiers, increased, under US military authority, in late 1959 and early 1960. Early in this period, there was a greater degree of conflict in Laos than in South Vietnam. While the visible guerilla incidents increased gradually, the key policy decisions by the North were made in 1959.
Before that, they were unquestionably recruiting and preparing. There is little doubt that there was some kind of Viet Minh-derived " stay behind" organization between 19, but it is unclear whether they were directed to take over action until 1957 or later. That these conditions engendered animosity toward the Southern dictatorship seems almost certain, and they could have led to a major resistance movement even without North Vietnamese help.
It can also be established-but less surely- that the Diệm regime alienated itself from one after another of those domestic sectors which might have offered it political support, and was grievously at fault in its rural programs. There was endemic insurgency in South Vietnam throughout the period 1954–1960. While there was clearly communications and perhaps arms supply from the north, there is little evidence of any Northern units in the South, although organizers may well have infiltrated. The insurgents were South Vietnamese rebels or northerners who had been living there for some time. There is little question that in 1957-1958, there was a definite early guerilla movement against the Diệm government, involving individual assassinations, expropriations, recruiting, shadow government. Vietnamese communists saw this as a second phase of their revolution, the US now substituting for the French.īetween the Geneva accords in 19, the two states created by the talks were still forming the influence of major powers, especially France and the United States, and to a lesser extent China and the Soviet Union, were as much an influence as any internal matters. The 1959 to 1963 phase of the Vietnam War started after the North Vietnamese had made a firm decision to commit to a military intervention in the guerrilla war in the South Vietnam, a buildup phase began, between the 1959 North Vietnamese decision and the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, which led to a major US escalation of its involvement. Dương Văn Minh succeeds Diệm as president.Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm.Strategic Hamlet Program to combat the communist insurgency by means of population transfer of its supporters.Foundation of the National Liberation Front ( Viet Cong).
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